Data Structures is a foundational concept in computer science that involves the organization, management, and storage of data in a way that enables efficient access and modification. It covers various types of data structures such as arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and hash tables. Each structure has its own advantages and is suited for different types of problems based on factors like time complexity and memory usage. The course also covers algorithms related to these data structures, including searching, sorting, and traversal techniques. Understanding data structures is crucial for designing efficient software and solving computational problems effectively.